George Orwells Writing Essay examples - 899 Words

George Orwells Writing George Orwell is best known for his fiction writing, particularly Animal Farm and 1984. In Shooting an Elephant he demonstrates his talent in non-fiction writing. Not everyone was familiar with the way in which the British Imperial rule worked and Orwell uses his rhetorical language to bring the readers of his essay into the immediate world that was that of an imperial officer. Orwell?s essay is written in the first person perspective. This was done deliberately by Orwell to make the reader feel closer to the action taking place. By writing in the first person instead of in say, the third person, Orwell allows for himself to show his feelings. This is what makes it a personal essay rather than†¦show more content†¦He was superior, powerful, and he was used somewhat as a scapegoat. The British Empire was not the one feeling the hatred from the Burmese people but it was the officers in enforcing roles that did. The entire shooting of the elephant in itself is a symbol. It demonstrates the irony that was Orwell?s position. Even though he had to impose strict laws and he had to shoot the elephant Orwell was ?only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind.? He who was the most powerful, ironically, held the least power. The elephant is a symbol of Orwell?s guilt. As much as he feels guilty about oppressing the Burmese and shooting the elephant is something that he has to do. Orwell says he ?had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East.? There was nothing he could do about his guilt. He was stuck. Orwell also uses the elephant to represent a symbol for the British Imperial rule. Orwell states at the beginning of the essay, ?anti-European feeling was very bitter,? and then he says, ?that the British Empire is dying.? The elephant was also hated by the locals for destroying their way of life, and then started to weaken when it was shot by Orwell. After Orwell shoots the elephant he says, ?I heard later it took him half an hour to die.? This is a metaphor to how the British rule would slowly crumble and it would take a long time to do so, butShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwells Style of Writing Essay example1038 Words   |  5 PagesJust by a simple glance at George Orwells style of writing one can grasp a lot. He first starts the essay by discussing how the narrator was poorly treated in Lower Burma when serving as a police officer. More specifically the narrator states, I was hated by large numbers of people,, and anti-European feeling was very bitter. From there one could interpret that although he was a British soldier with much power he was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. He then goes into much detail andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesMack Allen Mr.Booth Period 6 English 12/3/14 Author Study of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that areRead MorePolitics and the English Language: George Orwell955 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell’s article â€Å"Politics and the English Language† gives six rules that authors should follow by to be good writers. After reading the article, one notices how often these rules are broken by authors all the time. George Orwell’s article makes readers question whether or not an author knows how to dictate their own thoughts. By breaking Orwell’s rules, an author loses attachment with a reader, and therefore will be unable to convey their me ssage successfully. George Orwell’s first ruleRead MorePolitics And The English Language1488 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics and the English Language, written by George Orwell, the author suggests that modern English Languageis in a corruption. He supports his idea with explanations such as, dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. However, Orwell also suggests that if all writers follow his six rules of writing mentioned in the article, it will benefit them for constructing a successful essay. Regarding to Orwell’s standard, many famous speeches or articles canRead MoreThe Literary Impact Of George Orwell . George Orwell, Born1375 Words   |  6 Pages The Literary Impact of George Orwell George Orwell, born as Eric Arthur Blair, was a British journalist and author. His works were compelling, especially, when it comes to his strong political beliefs. He is considered one of the most widely admired English-language essayists of the twentieth century. As Elkins points out, he is best known for the two novels that were written toward the end of his life: the anti-utopian political allegory Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-FourRead MoreFrancess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 Pages2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his pen name, George Orwell may not haveRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesrealizes the true price of freedom as he sacrifices his life to attain it. In 1984 (New American Library, 1950), George Orwell, the author, proficiently integrates short, direct sentences and bleak, elementary vocabulary into his uniquely passive style of writing to thoroughly convey his appalling vision of a totalitarian regime to the reader. George Orwell’s passive style of writing incorporates short, direct sentences that vividly portray the bleakness of Oceania. Orwell conveys the appallingRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1272 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† George Orwell, a journalist and an author of 1903 through 1950, is not only the author of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† but surprisingly, he is also the narrator and the main character. Orwell’s narrative essay of 1936 takes place in squalid, British-occupied Moulmein, lower Burma. To begin, in the opening of his piece, Orwell describes himself as a young, British police officer who, ironically, despises the British imperial project in BurmaRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literary

The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay Free Essays

string(131) " Research has besides suggested that Cyber-bullying which is the newest identified signifier of intimidation is going a major job\." The modern-day issue I have focused upon in this assignment is Strong-arming. This is a prevailing issue in today ‘s society. I feel this is of great importance particularly with the concerns originating from recent research into the effects of strong-arming. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research indicates that strong-arming can hold societal, physical and psychological effects on pupils every bit good as on their academic success. What is strong-arming Bullying is a societal phenomenon that is non easy to specify. It is a behavior that can be either be physical/verbal or direct/indirect. A bully is defined in the dictionary as â€Å" a individual, who hurts, intimidates or persecutes person who is perceived to be different or weaker † . The Government defines strong-arming as ‘Behaviour by an person or group, normally repeated over clip, that deliberately hurts another person or group either physically or emotionally ‘ . Dan Olweus a taking expert in this field has a similar definition to the authoritiess and he asserts that â€Å" A pupil is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over clip, to negative action on the portion of one or more other pupil ‘ ( Olweus, 1993 p.9 ) The most widely used definition nevertheless is one that is developed by Olweus ( 993 ) and extended by Whitney and Smith ( 1993, p.7 ) : † We say a kid or immature individual is being bullied, or picked on when another kid or immature individual, or a group of kids or immature people, say awful and unpleasant things to him or her. It is besides strong-arming when a kid or a immature individual is hit, kicked, threatened, locked inside a room, sent awful notes, when no- one of all time negotiations to them and things like that. These things can go on often and it is hard for the kid or the immature individual being bullied to support himself or herself. It is besides strong-arming when a kid or immature individual is teased repeatedly in a awful manner. But it is non strong-arming when two kids or immature people of about the same strength have the uneven battle or wrangle † . Different type of strong-arming The word intimidation is used to depict many diffident types of violent or intimidating behavior. Bullying is surely non easy to sort but here are the chief types that have been identified. The first is verbal strong-arming which is the most common intimidation harmonizing to research. Childline reported that 56 per centum of kids that rang about intimidation called about verbal intimidation. This type of strong-arming includes name naming and dish the dirting. Name naming is the most prevailing signifier of strong-arming harmonizing to most surveies. One kid in the Childline research for 2007/08 declared â€Å" I am being bullied at school and experience no 1 likes me. I am ever running to conceal or shout on my ain because I ‘m called names and am pulled at. I feel self-destructive but I wo n’t make it † . The 2nd is physical strong-arming which involves the usage of physical force such as striking and forcing. This type of intimidation is considered to be direct because it is deliberately focussed at the victim. In 2007/08 Childline reported that 53 per centum of kids and immature people that called about intimidation reported physical intimidation. It can be identified through physical marks such as bodily harm although physical intimidation does non ever average hurt. Physical intimidation can be a manner of seeking to mortify the victim and show power over them. The 3rd is indirect verbal intimidation and this sort of strong-arming involves hurtful and untruthful remarks behind the victims back. It can include spreading of rumors, letters or notes or even graffitos. The last is Cyber-bullying which is the newest signifier of strong-arming identified and has become a concern in recent old ages. This is a technology-enabled intimidation and involves strong-arming by agencies of confab suites, instant messing, nomadic phones or even electronic mails. Research initiated as a portion of the DCSF cyber-bullying run highlighted that 30 four per centum of 12-15 twelvemonth olds reported being capable to cyber-bullying. Similarly research carried out by Goldsmiths College for the Anti-bullying Alliance found that 20 two per centum of 11-16 twelvemonth olds had fallen victims to cyber-bullying. Prevalence Assorted surveies have been undertaken on this topic but because of the topics sensitive nature it is difficult to find solid, valid and dependable statistics. The research being completed nevertheless does foreground the true extent of the intimidation job in the schoolroom scene. Bullying is a modern-day issue with the first national study on this topic being conducted comparatively late. Kidscape ‘s conducted the national study between the old ages of 1984 and 1986 utilizing a sample of 4000 kids ages 5 to 12. The study revealed the extent of the job. The study showed that 68 % of the kids had been bullied at least one time, 39 per centum had been bullied at least twice and 0.5 % of those kids felt it had affected their lives that well that they tried to perpetrate self-destruction. Recent research besides suggests that the job is still outstanding in the school scene. Harmonizing to one recent survey, one-fifth of primary school students and a one-fourth of students in Year 8 perceived intimidation as a ‘big job ‘ in their school. A ulterior study by ChildLine showed that 15 per cent of primary school kids and 12 per cent of secondary school kids said they had bullied in the last twelvemonth ( ChildLine2004 ) . In another survey, 50 per cent of badly bullied male childs said that they bully others, as did 33 per cent of badly bullied misss. Childline the national helpline for kids received between the months of April 2000 to process 2001 about 20,300 calls from kids and immature people concerned about intimidation. Kidscape another helpline believes it receives more that 16,000 calls from parents each twelvemonth concerned about their kids acquiring bullied. Research has besides suggested that Cyber-bullying which is the newest identified signifier of intimidation is going a major job. The figure of Cyber-bullying instances is on the rise ( Noret and Rivers, 2006 ) . A survey by National Centre for Social Research released to co-occur with November 2009 Anti-bullying hebdomad revealed that Cyber-bullying is now one of the commonest signifiers of intimidation in school. The Longitudinal survey tracked 15,000 students who had their fourteenth birthday in 2004. The research besides pointed out that 47 % of 14-year-olds, 41 % of 15-year-olds and 29 % of 16-year-olds reported being bullied. Disabled kids and kids with particular educational demands were besides found to be more likely marks. This coincides with other such research that shows SEN kids or kids with disablements are 2 to 3 times more likely to be bullied ( Smith, 2007 ) The Longitudinal survey besides showed that kids who reported being bullied went on to accomplish on mean 2 GC SE classs lower so kids who were non bullied and were more likely to drop out of instruction at 16. This research is worrying and provides grounds of the damaging effects strong-arming can hold. Effectss of Strong-arming Strong-arming can hold all kinds of effects on kids so it is of import that intimidation is tackled caput on. The DfEE provinces that ‘The emotional hurt caused by strong-arming in whatever signifier – be it racial, or as a consequence of a kid ‘s visual aspect, behavior or particular educational demands, or related to sexual orientation, can prejudice school accomplishment, lead to lateness or hooky, and in utmost instances, terminal with self-destruction. ‘ ( DfEE, 1999: 24-25 ) . Vernon Coaker the schools curate besides asserted at the event for Anti-Bullying Week that â€Å" Bullying, in any signifier, should non be tolerated. It can destruct lives and have a permanent impact on immature people ‘s assurance, self-esteem and emotional development. † Research has indicated that strong-arming can non merely consequence academic accomplishment, it has besides been linked with low self-prides, anxiousness, impaired concentration, hooky, depression and self-destructive ideas. Kidscape performed the first of all time study of grownups with the purpose of happening out if intimidation had any permanent effects. The study which was funded by the national lottery and proved that being severely bullied as a kid had knock on affects. 46 % about half of the study population contemplated suicide compared with 7 % of those who were non bullied. Most of the grownups surveyed had small or no aid at the clip of the incidents. Undertaking school intimidation The Government in recent old ages has emphasised that undertaking the job of intimidation is a chief precedence of theirs. The Government in 1999 said it was a legal duty for all schools to hold an anti intimidation policy in topographic point. Legislation places a responsibility on the caput instructor to implement an anti intimidation policy and provinces that schools must promote regard for others and forestall all signifiers of strong-arming among pupils.A Government counsel to boot states that the policy should be reviewed yearly and that every member of the school community ( including kids, immature people, carers and parents ) should be involved in this reappraisal. Each school is in charge of planing their ain policy with the aid from Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) . The DCSF aid schools to plan schemes and effectual anti -bullying policy to undertake strong-arming caput on. They do this by supplying really comprehensive counsel paperss and have regional advisors on manus who have expertise in this country to assist implement their counsel. Schools have a legal duty to guarantee steps are in topographic point to turn to intimidation: Head instructors must implement a policy as a preventive step against strong-arming in conformity with the Human Rights Act 1998. The Standards A ; Frameworks Acts ( 1998 ) states that all schools are required by jurisprudence to hold an anti-bullying policy. Schools have statutory liability sing behaviors of students under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998: ‘the caput teacher shall find steps to be taken with a position to aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ be promoting good behavior and regard for others on the portion of students and, in peculiar, forestalling all signifiers of strong-arming among students ‘ . Article 28 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child provinces that strong-arming policy should be in topographic point in each school and every kid should cognize what to make if they find them self in the state of affairs where they are being bullied. Section 175 of the Education Act 2002 provinces what is required of the regulating organic structures in relation to the well-being of the students in their school: ‘The regulating organic structure of a kept up school shall do agreements for guaranting that their maps associating to the behavior of the school are exercised with a position to safeguarding and advancing the public assistance of kids who are students at the school. ‘ The Education Act 2002 lays down out two purposes for the national course of study, whereby schools must do certain that it ‘provides chances for all students to larn and accomplish ‘ and ‘promotes the religious, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of students at the school and of society, and prepares students at the school for the chances, duties and experiences of ulterior life ‘ . The DfES handbill, Social Inclusion: Pupil Support Circular lineations authorities outlooks and the legal responsibility of caput instructors with respect to strong-arming The National Health School Guidance asserts that it is necessary that schools have ‘a policy and codification of pattern for undertaking intimidation, which is owned, understood and implemented by all members of the school community and includes contact with external support bureaus ‘ . Under the Race Relations ( Amendment ) Act 2000 schools are required to advance race equality. Children ‘s Act ( 2004 ) sets out five results that professionals should work towards. These are to ; Be Healthy ; Stay Safe ; Enjoy and achieve ; Make a positive part and Achieve economic wellbeing. Safe to Learn: implanting anti-bullying work in schools is the new overarching anti-bullying counsel for schools which was introduced in September 2007. The safe to larn counsel includes advice on intimidation. In add-on to this Ofsted ‘s model for inspecting schools provinces that inspectors must measure and give an history on the magnitude and grade of intimidation, racism and other signifiers of torment. They must besides describe on the schools prosperity at covering with strong-arming incidents and expression at the schools dealingss with parents. Schools are non instantly responsible for strong-arming that takes topographic point outside of the educational scene but their anti-bullying policy should do it cognize that stairss are in consequence to react to such incidents. The Government publicised two anti-bullying counsel paperss on 15 April 2009. These paperss gave advice on how to undertake strong-arming outside of the schoolroom scene. Versions of the counsel paperss were besides for local governments, young person workers, college staff, drama workers, conveyance suppliers and kids ‘s places. Despite all of this there is no jurisprudence which states that Scots schools must hold a specific anti-bullying policy. However there have been paperss such as â€Å" Action Against Bullying † distributed to Scottish schools in 1992 that recommend that they should implement a policy. Scots local governments have approved of this recommendation but it is n’t truly plenty. Other available aid Equally good as the statute law and counsel paperss there are other avenues of support and counsel. Schools for one can plight their commitment to undertaking intimidation by subscribing up to the Anti-bullying charter whereby there can self-assess their intimidation policy. An anti-bullying hebdomad is besides held every twelvemonth by the Anti-bullying Alliance The anti strong-arming Alliance was established in July 2002 by NSPCC and NCB, it has combined 68 administrations into one association. Their purpose is to cut down intimidation and make a safe environment for which kids can analyze. Anti strong-arming hebdomads purpose is to raise consciousness of intimidation and the issues that surround it. This twelvemonth ‘s Anti-Bullying Week was focused on undertaking cyber-bullying. Sue Steel, National Manager of the Anti-Bullying Alliance, said on the 2009 anti-bullying hebdomad that: â€Å" It is really encouraging that the Government is making so much to do Anti-Bullying Week a existent success. We all need to work in partnership to guarantee kids, immature people and their parents are cognizant of the hazards of cyber intimidation and cognize how to forestall it † There are besides assorted web sites to assist both parents and grownups such as the DirectGovA web site which has plentifulness of advice for immature people concerned about intimidation. Parentline Plus has a helpline for parents, provides support through the Be Someone to Tell web page and a web site for parental advice on covering with intimidation of their kid. A comprehensive list of administrations that provide both aid and support refering intimidation is available in AnnexA I of the overarching Safe to larn counsel. Developing a whole-school attack The whole school attack is recommended by the DfES and plants by prosecuting affecting the whole school community from students and instructors to staff, carers and parents. This attack works by affecting everyone and making a model that endorses shared beliefs and values that help to antagonize and cut down strong-arming efficaciously. The model sets out stairss to rede and pull off incidents of intimidation. The DfES recommends establishing this whole-school policy in four stages: consciousness and audience, execution, monitoring and rating. The policy should take to: Ensure that the whole school community understands strong-arming and what is meant by strong-arming. Make it apprehensible that strong-arming will non be accepted inside or outside of the school scene. Create an effectual system to cover with strong-arming incidents that enables kids to easy describe strong-arming happenings. Ensure that all incidents reported are investigated earnestly and the steps in topographic point are acted upon in response. That clearly defined processs are in topographic point. Supply a systematic method of entering incidents that take topographic point this in bend can assist in measuring and reexamining policy. Have a equal support programme in topographic point. Continually reappraisal processs and policy and maintain the whole school community informed of any alterations or revamps. Anti-bullying Policy Case Study In my little instance survey I looked at 3 anti-bullying policy ‘s for schools in the Surrey country. I would foremost wish to observe that out of the 5 web sites I viewed, two did non hold any anti-bullying policy online. Anti- intimidation policy should be readily available for the school community and should be on-line for easy entree for the whole school community. I will turn to the schools as A, B and C. School A had a really comprehensive Anti-bullying scheme in topographic point utilizing the whole school attack. It clearly defined anti-bullying process in topographic point for kids staff and parents utilizing headers such as ‘guidance for kids ‘ . The Policy included an effectives system clearly saying each phase of process and utilizing the no blasted attack. School A besides asserted that all incidents would be recorded and used in farther instances if needed. The usage of a equal support scheme was besides in topographic point which seems to add to the policies effectiveness as these systems have been found to be effectual in cut downing the negative effects of strong-arming for victims. This policy was said to hold been reviewed in 2009 and was to be reviewed on a regular footing which once more seemed first-class pattern. School A ‘s policy was seemed precise and effectual utilizing the whole school community and in making so advancing a shared set of values and beliefs. The fact it is reviewed on a regular footing makes certainly the policy is fresh and effectual. This school besides had regular newssheets with any new updates on anti-bullying schemes or alterations in policy these were in bend clearly published online. School B ‘s policy had a clear precise definition of strong-arming but nevertheless it was non every bit comprehensive as School A. The policy did demo the process in topographic point and stated the support in topographic point for kids ; it nevertheless was aimed at staff and parents merely and did non affect the whole school community. The policy had clearly non been reviewed in some clip as it was dated May 2005 which is about 5 old ages ago and seemed outdated and forgotten. School C ‘s policy was merely shocking ; it consisted of a paragraph about the definition of intimidation and a list of behavior codifications. It did advance a shared value on the expected codifications of behavior but no set clear procedure in topographic point for covering of strong-arming for staff, kids or parents. Is the authorities ‘s scheme working? There is non much in the manner of research into this field and whether anti- intimidation policy is effectual or non. Bullying has decreased somewhat since the old twelvemonth which could be a contemplation of the alteration in authorities policy and publicity of equal support but truly it is non a lessening in incidents. I conducted a little graduated table study of 8 learning helpers and instructors in schools around the UK to happen out whether they felt the authorities were making plenty in relation to intimidation. †U.KA authorities is making plenty for schools inA relation to strong-arming † A How make you experience about this statement? A Strongly AgreeA A 0A A 0 % A A AgreeA A 1A A 8 % A A NeutralA A 2A 17 % A A DisagreeA A 5A 42 % A A Strongly DisagreeA A 0A A 0 % A The consequences show that 42 % disagreed with the statement that the authorities was making plenty in relation to intimidation, 17 % were impersonal and 8 % agreed. This study merely indicates that people within the school context experience more can be done to halt intimidation. One participant even stated ‘There are anti strong-arming plans in topographic point at schools but the kids frequently do non come frontward. The Government could work with the schools to do it easier for kids to come frontward. ‘ Bullying UK ‘S CEO, John Carnell was reported stating â€Å" These figures are scandalous and show that the authorities and schools are merely non acquiring to grips with this job. Strong-arming UK was founded 10 old ages ago and the jobs we are seeing now are the same 1s we saw 10 old ages ago. Day in, twenty-four hours out, twelvemonth in, twelvemonth out, we are having precisely the same ailments from despairing parents and kids and it ‘s a dirt that there is no authorities support for the critical work we do which we know saves self-destructive kids ‘s lives. † In the Childline instance notes one counselor asserts â€Å" I do n’t believe things have changed, † and â€Å" when you ask the kids whether there are anti-bullying policies the kids say yes, but it still makes you powerless. The frustrating thing is that we still receive so many calls about intimidation † What can schools make to undertake intimidation? Research has proven that the whole school attack is the most effectual scheme and recommended by the DfES. The whole school community should be involved in inventing and implementing an anti-bullying policy. It requires everyone to keep and recommend the criterions in the policy and act quickly when incidents occur. This attack promotes shared values and beliefs and enables a clear apprehension of the acceptable criterions of behavior. In Wales, Lambert, Scourfield, Smalley and Jones ( in imperativeness ) found a important association between lower degrees of intimidation, and students describing that the school had clear regulations on intimidation. The jurisprudence does province that behavior policy should be publicised to the school community one time a twelvemonth although truly it should be communicated a batch more so this to review heads. Research has indicated that merely holding an anti-bullying policy entirely is non plenty. In order for a policy to be effectual it needs to be expeditiously implemented, reviewed and evaluated invariably. As for case one survey found that school-wide policies decline in effectivity over a 2-3 twelvemonth period, after which clip intimidation additions ( Sharp et al, 2002 ) . Smith states â€Å" Bullying is an on-going job, so a ‘one-off ‘ attempt over a term or a twelvemonth without continuance will hold small or no permanent impact † ( Smith, 2004, p101 ) . Strong-arming policy should be reviewed on a regular basis and the whole school community should be involved in and notified of alterations. Children should hold a say in the policy as suggested by the DCSF. There are guidance paperss such as the Anti-Bullying Alliance resource Are you speaking to me? : Young People ‘s Engagement in Anti-Bullying. It is of import to prosecute kids and integrate their thoughts in the anti-bullying policy leting them to be an active portion of school life. There are a scope of suggested schoolroom activities to promote students to discourse anti-bullying policy. The Government has late made PSHE lessons compulsory and these are a perfect platform for discoursing intimidation and anti-bullying policy. The demand is to hold a comprehensive anti-bullying policy and schemes in topographic point. Not every school has a policy that is comprehensive and covers the extended intimidation types. For illustration, Adams, Cox A ; Dunstan ( 2004 ) reported that out of 19 schools surveyed in the UK none of them specifically mentioned sexual orientation in the anti-bullying policies. What can the authorities do to undertake intimidation? There are a scope of things the authorities can still make to undertake intimidation. A statuary responsibility should be made on schools and instruction governments in Scotland to hold anti-bullying policy in topographic point. Scots Schools are non lawfully obliged to hold any policy or scheme in topographic point to antagonize strong-arming. Wales should besides hold regional advisers like England to rede schools about the effectual schemes against strong-arming including best pattern and how to make all an effectual anti-bullying policy. The authorities should besides happen a manner of measuring anti-bullying policy in each school as holding this policy in topographic point does non intend it is being implemented decently or carried out in the School context. Finally consciousness should be raised on the newest signifiers of strong-arming such as cyber-bullying this should besides be reflected in relevant policy. PSHE lessons can assist raise this consciousness and I feel strong-arming should go a mandatory subject leting the school to discourse non merely strong-arming in general but their ain anti-bullying policy and pattern. Decision After analyzing the research, articles, statistics and other information it does go evident intimidation has of all time so somewhat demised in the last few old ages but non truly plenty. This tells me that the authorities enterprises and policies have had a little consequence in cut downing intimidation. The large job with the anti-bullying policy is that each school has to invent the policy and implement it, which means the policy ‘s effectivity can run dramatically between each school. If the authorities is to win at checking down on strong-arming significantly I feel it is necessary to make the research and implement the same effectual policy in each school. It may be utile for the Government to analyze taking states in the battle against strong-arming. The authorities besides needs to listen to the people that this job effects and happen out their positions on the policy that stands. How to cite The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay, Essay examples

A Report on Management of Equity and Debt

Question: Discuss the management of Equity and Debt as part of the long term funding requirements of companies. Answer: Introduction Debt and equity management has a long standing relationship between the both as both of them provide funds to run business as well as expand the assets during capital expenditure. The issue has become a debate among the analysts in finding the suitable and effective funding instruments between the two. The major challenge in this perspective is to optimize the capital structure of a company as debt and equity are the main contributors of capital structure of a company. It is obviously a way to find out the return on capital is influenced by these two managements while it is also true for the managers to evaluate continuously an appropriate value for dynamic changes in debt and equity ratio to attain a balance (WELCH, 2011). In this report, the more emphasis will be given on the effective portion of debt and equity while both of them are utilized as the source of funds in business. In this report, two companies debt and equity will be analyzed for the last five years retrieving data f rom their annual report and will be compared to each other at the end. The report will consist of conclusion made from the analysis of two companies as well as management of debt and equity which will provide to further proceed towards making recommendations regarding the matter. Objective of the report is to establish the effectiveness of debt and equity management in a company as well as why a company must introduce in their business and in which form so that they can achieve their long term objectives and financial goals. Profile of the companies Selected companies in this case are Shell Plc and BHP Billiton; both of them are listed in London stock exchange which might be helpful in comparing their market capitalization. The comparative study between the two regarding their debt and equity management will be in line due to their huge operation as well same style of debt management. Shell Plc is engaged in gas and oil refining which has multinational presence in the world while BHP Billiton is engaged in mining of iron ore while both the companies have made some milestones in their respective fields. Shell It is an oil and gas company that is spread over the international market for many years. It is the fourth biggest company in the world and the biggest oil refinery company. The company has presence in USA, UK, India, Africa, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and in Europe. Therefore, the company has a multinational existence in oil and natural gas in the world. The company has many ongoing projects in many countries with active oil reserves in their field. Further, the company has also fielded its legs on alternative energy segments and the benchmark projects like rigging in arctic region for oil. The company has been acquitted for many controversies ranging from environment pollution to overstatement to the shareholders about oil reserve. Shell has many differentiated products and resourced products in its shelf. Source of finance of the company is both equity and debt. Further, reserves of retained earnings and other reserves like foreign exchange reserves are also present. In liabilities section there are non-current as well as current liabilities. Items 2014 In $ million 2013 In $ million 2012 In $ million 2011 In $ million 2010 In $ million Total equity 172786 181148 189927 171003 149780 Retained earnings reserve 186981 183474 180218 162987 140179 Non-current liabilities 94118 83106 73419 71595 72228 Current liabilities 86212 93258 96979 102659 100552 BHP Billiton - company background: BHP Billiton is an Anglo Australian multinational mining, metals and fuel company. This company is recognized as the world biggest mining business deliberate by 2013 revenues. The diversification of the BHP Billiton selection persists to be their defining quality. The superiority of their citizens, their advantage base and their unaffected policy of own and working large, durability low-cost, expandable, upstream possessions diversify by product, topography and market, together with their capability and promise to invest during the cycle and deliver projects on financial plan and to plan, what are set us separately from their peers.The lasting nature of their process permit them to set up long lasting relations with their host community where they work mutually to create a positive donation to the lives of citizens who live close to their process and to society added usually. Company has various sources of finance such as equity, retained earnings, liabilities. The sources are of different nature and works as different agent in business. From the table below, the portion of debt and equity financing in business for the company can be seen. Items 2014 In $ million 2013 In $ million 2012 In $ million 2011 In $ million 2010 In $ million Total equity 79143 70667 65526 56762 48525 Retained earnings reserve 74548 66982 62236 53131 44801 Non-current liabilities 47967 43748 40154 25427 26481 Current liabilities 18064 20139 22034 19738 13042 Debt and equity management Debt management is known as the decision making and risk taking of a companys management as debt has two applications in a business providing fund and increasing risk while doing business. As stated by Attaoui and Poncet, (2013), debt is considered to be the fastest achieved fund in market as they are readily available for business from the lenders such as banks, financial institutions and open market. It provides management of a company to run their day to day operation as well as maintain their growth in retaining fund for capital expenditure which is mainly a way of making assets in the portfolio. As observed by BAGHAI, SERVAES and TAMAYO, (2014), debt management is crucial as it extends the credit risk of a company which might not be in favor of the shareholders. The cost of debt sometimes also noted as cost of bankruptcy if it goes higher and makes the companys credit risk high. Bankruptcy cost is a major problem for the management as they have to avoid this situation for runni ng the operation smoothly as well as to get loans from the company. The creditors do not wish to provide loan to such a company which has higher credit risk as providing any fresh loan at that moment might make their fund to lose and make that sum as a non-performing assets for the lending institutions (Benninga, n.d.). It is a standard style to objectify the loan management for the managers as there are many types of decision making process are included in this process. Risk management as well as return to stakeholders is also dependent on the decision made in controlling debt management. Debt management has many parameters as it consists of different segmental choices short term, long term debt, preferred debt etc. the management of debt also allows a company to decide on the process and route of borrowings as it has also an impact on controlling the debt position of the company (Berk and DeMarzo, 2011). Equity management is one of the most difficult patterns in this case as it is the starting sum that needed for any company to start their business. Further, it is also true that equity may not be the single source for a company to invest and reinvest in their business. However, it is true that company may utilize the incremental equity in reinvestment for expanding the business or in other causes (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2011). Basically, equity management is an essential part of the fund mobility as well as integrated fund management which may provide a manager in deducing the current situation of transferring funds in different fund as per the requirements of fund. As said by DeAngelo, DeAngelo and Whited, (2011), the equity management mainly consists of managing equity and number of shares which is the part of capital structure, retained earnings and other reserves of the company. Basically, a company needs to comply with reserve management appropriately as it enables the manage ment to make decision on incurring capital expenditure. Equity holds a special relation with debt management as reducing equity value in a capital structure reduce the portion of shares of the shareholders. Further, debt-equity management is important to make decision on dividend policy of the company. Dividend is also a return for the shareholders paying which affect the retained earnings as well as the reserve of retained earnings (Doukas, Guo and Zhou, 2010). Debt-equity management of a company is normally associated with debt-equity ratio of total debt to total equity. The ratio indicates the portion of business is funded by the lenders and the rest of the portion which belongs to the shareholders of the company. Therefore, it is observed that the ratio of debt to equity means many things for an analyst as it provides information on how much the shareholders of a company owe the creditors of their wealth value. However, Komera and Lukose (2014), deduced that current liabilities have limited impact over the equity as well as over the shareholders wealth due to its short life within the business. The higher debt to equity ratio means creditors has higher ratio of right on the profit from the business of the company while companys shareholders also owe much percentage of liabilities - due to becoming shareholders of the company, the liabilities also vested upon them. Conversely, a lower debt-equity ratio is the proof of much higher authorit y as well as rights on the stake of the company for the shareholders due to lower share of creditors. Moles, (2011), stated that strictly speaking, there is no portion of rights of the creditors in a company it is only the right of the shareholders which is normally designated as the right of the company however, legally creditors have stake on the assets of the company due to failing or defaulting of repaying the liabilities creditors might get their fund back from selling the assets of the company. The debt equity ratio varies from company to company as all types of companies do not take huge debt for minimizing the credit risk as it reduces the chance of borrowing lower and also the return to equity becomes poor (Pintus, 2011). However, the companies are engaged in the business of cyclical business as well as where higher rate of sunk and fixed cost is associated they normally borrow much. In debt equity ratio the significant part is for the non-current liabilities which is th e main source of long term fund in business other than equity. Therefore, business is run through evaluating the ratio of liabilities to equity as it provides the key insights of risk associated with debt positioning held by a company. Robin, (2011), observed that higher risk is associated with the business as well as the financial performance of the company due to making the business towards solvency. The horsepower of borrowing is due to its funding power of money in funding a new project either, or running the daily operation. Thereby, debt to equity is also measured evaluating the non-current liabilities to total equity. It also produces the loan funded by the wealth of the shareholders of the company (Ross, 2011). Debt equity management of Shell Plc Total liability of the company has been increased so far during the last five years period where current liabilities of the company have been decreased so far. Total liabilities of the company are the sum of the current and non-current liabilities of the company; thereby, current liabilities and non-current liabilities are the concerning matter for the company. From the below figure 1, we may say that companys management have increased the long term funding in its portfolio of fund as well as investment during the period of 2010-2014 which might be a growing phase of the company. The equity of the company has been volatile in this period as the other reserves have decreased during the period. Retained earnings of the company has grown since 2010 and till date the trend was same due to the managements decision of retaining much rather paying more dividends. The debt and equity management of the company has shown that companys debt to equity ratio is almost same during the period as th e total liability and equity have not been changed much during the period. The total equity of the company has not changed a lot in this case. The total equity was almost same at the end of the period as the total liabilities were same during the period, however; the equity has been low. Further, equity of the company has not made much progress so the ratio of non-current liabilities and equity of the company has been increased due to decreasing of other reserve mainly. Figure 1: Debt and equity management of Shell Plc (Source: Shell.com, 2015) Debt and equity management of BHP Billiton For BHP Billiton, total liabilities of the company have increased during the period both current and non-current liabilities have also increased during this period of the company. Total equity of the company has also increased during the period while the component of equity such as retained earnings as well as other reserves has also increased. This helps the company to maintain the ratio of the debt to equity at almost same at the end of the period. However, the ratio was increased during 2013 and 2012 due to more debt from current liabilities while the non-current liabilities were increased from 2012 onwards. The debt management of the com[any also shows a good decision making ability by controlling the non-current liabilities of the company during the period which was increased in 2012 and stayed almost within the ten percent range in the next two years. The current liabilities of the company was decreased at the end of the period and also the non-current liabilities to equity ra tio have not increased much during the period - also showing the stake of the liabilities funded by shareholders is almost two third of the total capital while the for every two shares, marginal borrowings can be changed. Figure 2: Debt and equity management of BHP Billiton (Source: Bhpbilliton.com, 2015) Comparing the situation of both the company, it can be observed that non-current liabilities to equity ratio of the companies differs from each vast. Onwards 2012, the ratio has increased for Shell Plc while the same ratio has marginally decreased for BHP Billiton during the period. The below figure 3 shows the difference of the periodical ratio of non-current liabilities to equity which depicts that debt and equity management of the company differs due to different decision making in the company and also different strategy intake. Figure 3: Comparative study on debt-equity ratio Analysis on shell 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Total debt to equity 1.0436609 0.97359066 0.897176284 1.019011362 1.15355855 noncurrent loan to equity 0.5447085 0.45877404 0.386564312 0.418676865 0.48222727 In the above table, we can see the debt equity ratio of Shell Plc for the year 2014 to 2010 respectively. The ratio of debt to equity is under controlled comparing with the scale of operation of the company in terms of revenue. Further, the ratio between noncurrent loan to equity is also under controlled. However, it is trying to increase during the period as seen from the trend recently. 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 EBIT 30118 35234 52046 57033 36340 Interest 1804 1642 1757 1373 996 Interest Coverage Ratio 16.695122 21.4579781 29.6220831 41.53896577 36.4859438 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Debt To Capital Gearing Total Capital 353116 357512 360325 345257 322560 Equity 172786 181148 189927 171003 149780 Gearing Ratio 2.0436609 1.97359066 1.897176284 2.019011362 2.15355855 From the above table, it can be analyzed that company has enough money to pay its interest payment for the past years and the trend is going to be same in recent future. However, the trend of income from business is very poor during the period as the trend of income is downwards. Therefore, management of the company needs to be cautious about their borrowing cost. The debt gearing ratio depicts that Shell has a trend of running its operation by equity mainly. The last years figure depicts that half part of the whole is run by the equity. However, the limit of running the operation with debt may provide a chance of decrease the cost of interest and increase the return of shareholders by many parts. In this case, the trend of the company is to hike the gearing ratio means increasing the financial leverage in near future. Analysis on BHP Billiton 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Total debt to equity 0.561793 0.581052 0.598554 0.440256 0.536824 noncurrent loan to equity 0.544 0.458 0.386 0.418 0.482 The above table shows the debt equity ratio of BHP Billiton where it can be seen that company has low level of current loan during the period. It means company is using its own fund for running the cost of working capital rather depending on current loan from outside. The trend is uptrend means borrowing has increased at the ending period of the duration while current loan has decreased at the end of the period. 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 EBIT 23412 21002 23752 31816 20031 Interest 1176 1276 730 561 459 Interest Coverage Ratio 19.90816 16.45925 32.53699 56.71301 43.64052 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Debt To Capital Gearing Total Capital 151413 142178 129273 102920 88852 Equity 85382 75291 67085 57755 49329 Gearing Ratio 1.77336 1.88838 1.927003 1.78201 1.801212 For the above table, we can see that the company is in a good shape for the last five years. The recent earnings history of the company shows that company can pay its interest from the income from its operation. However, it is also seen that company has better income prior to 2013, when income was 32 times of total cost of interest. Therefore, the trend of earnings of BHP is skeptic for the management. The gearing ratio of the company shows not much volatility in strategy of gearing the companys operation and the borrowing strategy of the company has not much changed during the period. Therefore, it is clear that company has considered running the operation depending on the liabilities and equity in a mixed way. However, capital is geared by the equity mainly. The company has low financial leverage during the period. Recommendations It is recommended that Shell has increased its long term funding by increasing its non-current liabilities while BHP has tried to control its liabilities as a whole by increasing its retained earnings during the period. Further, it is also recommended that both the companies must reduce their long term liabilities unless they have any major expansion plan as well as increase the retained earnings to increase the total equity of the company. It is also recommended that Shell must reduce its borrowing to reduce the financial leverage while BHP must use the current loan for running its working capital cost. References Attaoui, S. and Poncet, P. (2013). Capital Structure and Debt Priority.Financial Management, 42(4), pp.737-775. Attaoui, S. and Poncet, P. (2013). Capital Structure and Debt Priority.Financial Management, 42(4), pp.737-775. BAGHAI, R., SERVAES, H. and TAMAYO, A. (2014). Have Rating Agencies Become More Conservative? Implications for Capital Structure and Debt Pricing.The Journal of Finance, 69(5), pp.1961-2005. Benninga, S. (n.d.).Financial modeling. Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Bhandari, L. (1988). Debt/Equity Ratio and Expected Common Stock Returns: Empirical Evidence.The Journal of Finance, 43(2), p.507. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2011).Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Chauhan, S. (n.d.). Impact of Debt-Equity Ratio on the Corporate Governance of Banks in Indonesia.SSRN Journal. DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L. and Whited, T. (2011). Capital structure dynamics and transitory debt.Journal of Financial Economics, 99(2), pp.235-261. Doukas, J., Guo, J. and Zhou, B. (2010). Hot Debt Markets and Capital Structure.European Financial Management, 17(1), pp.46-99. Hull, R. and Price, D. (n.d.).Pass-through valuation. Komera, S. and Lukose P.J., J. (2014). Capital structure choice, information asymmetry, and debt capacity: evidence from India.J Econ Finan. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pintus, P. (2011). International capital flows, debt overhang and volatility.International Journal of Economic Theory, 7(4), pp.301-315. Robin, J. (2011).International corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Ross, S. (2011).Corporate finance. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. WELCH, I. (2011). Two Common Problems in Capital Structure Research: The Financial-Debt-To-Asset Ratio and Issuing Activity Versus Leverage Changes.International Review of Finance, 11(1), pp.1-17. Bhpbilliton.com, (2015). BHP Billiton | Investor and media information. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/investors/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 20 Jul. 2015]. Shell.com, (2015). The Shell global homepage. [online] Available at: https://www.shell.com [Accessed 20 Jul. 2015].